“How to email in a stiff, cold, professional tone for the first two emails in a chain before the pretense is dropped and we email informally because there are more important things to do.”

Yes, all of that is obviously true between shirts, the question is about shirt color, which is almost entirely down to the pigments used in fabrication. In which case it is entirely due to the absorptivity, emissivity, reflectance, and opacity, of the pigment.

This isn’t an active area of debate, it’s an entirely empirical question or a hard modeling problem per shirt manufacturer. All of this is very solved science, and has become “an engineering problem”

The temperature of the shirt itself will have a majority of the impact on the heat transfer. Whether a given pigment is reflective in the ir is impossible to predict by eye, see below. Black shirts will warm you up more in general, though offer better protection against UV. You can however get special UV protective white colored shirts.

It depends on the absorptivity of the pigment at that given wavelength. Foil for example works because in ye infrared it is still reflective. Without an infrared camera and an infrared light it’s impossible to tell what the infrared absorptivity of a given shirt is by eye. The science articles are not giving the full picture.

If they have identical or close enough emissivity it is directly proportional to heat absorption, as given identical amounts of time in the sun and air flow, temperature will almost entirely depend in absorptivity, and emitted infrared is proportional to temperature^4.

Black bodies emit and absorb perfectly. These probably all have an emissivity that’s lower than a blackbody, and very close together, while absorptivity is related to the color of the shirt. So this test is actually fairly indicative.

That’s true of our numbering system. It’s literally am identical base system, you just need to learn the numerals.

abcd where a is the 1000s place, b is the 100s place, c is the 10s place and d the 1s. In both systems you can immediately interpret any part of the number by looking at that place in the number.

For example in the first example you can parse it easily in any order, the number is 1993, read from top left to bottom right it is literally 90+3+1000+900. Or you can simply read it from BL to TR and it reads 1000+900+90+3.

This system makes sense in the context of saving expensive paper/parchment (as was often extremely valuable, many books have been cleared and written over to save paper throughout history)

I do a modified version of the middle one, common for people like naturalists apparently, which does four dots to form the vertices of a grid, 1-4, four lines to successively complete a square, 5-8, two lines forming an x in the middle of the square, 9-10.

Nobody put cheese on tortillas chips until the 40s? I highly doubt that.

Better solutions:

Comparing health issues and severity rates by age.

Comparing relative behavioral maturity thresholds

These are really the two things that we actually care about when thinking about age. Both have their issues. Still better.

Doesn’t actually mean their eardrums didn’t rupture from the airpods, just that under those testing conditions they can’t generate the imposed constraint of 130 dB.